yF8ϫ@}1nR;74FB {I {o>-i9sl0TN~"&}/T˛G&3h *7Y)iX̒ӓi 8~49Ig'>lG Ÿ g0f-\zӅ2Å1O'TyO9VUr1b_4Xs$\}|GQ|4A tM0H4|A"y ixT2e͗/ 9^o9`&[[cnZڛz!+!E9sV7ujհ,EKU5]M"B?Ɲq?7e'7ojՃj*>K.y\G^Ko_[yuCKۗۀI&iZ}pA|ս>UvIf aMr}׾o7s3 >қ=پi:=`/} ^w^m{|s'_믇XVh*JrRkKoo-8[|񦅇~jgxl^yzrߵ<zw66ڽ{đNͻGźs(6yAq!+ 5iyWP_L}V޽m)) |ywwVw|*E ܞ5+ ly? +?g:^;&MMOSr!hþN>?i|8<(`Tx|N||>{Dѕ==kA| >f6xP;} fA6>H#8Ffo溪{ms}޾PonpīgjrsÕ각|~wN^fz}uy鷸C:+ W/ݨmTӋ&7Ur܍^FWWsKzw;Poo.OۏƳ~Y7 {Yoz% {֠ EG:MϯH=V5\U~P' g@& B^ qnJO7=CcKvnzܢ73 XE. 1 p7I#=Gt]@zpޝ]#^~|v㤱*w<eMSm]ja2_7pW>חW>_6?O4%7?ۗlQhb6yo1ބ&L)Xk8Yp۴qvlcϿy1/d_TswOKnmƷ,zrpw1xuv}2nӏѷu[Xkmݮ|7ػv TV]%i_x#GkXxS)|ElRŴv|_'?+aڄIvqHYkK= ]q Ԗf[ݿla K%oNёڧzW.A(JgZ$?XH%q}m器3yګmkϫ~[?>Dί܃y{ nE240(mn/m"@? {O?߿M?F˫K8iq=>.g?~n糏,6/Ϯqn?^ Pe!/'Eu x(BO^؜!C< 鄠j\뫭]2ho]c<}_oMB] XMjڗoĪ"wy =L!]9gA󨘍W/ )<֩ [u`mC0"7doϛEw _'{ ús.eԩ'9-NaRol{oQq4e;ɞ vs%`qn3N b6cHf?GՃcX8|:|_l ^$Ʌ N<ОrnhoChr3@R5Mqp GJ@_`pmQ@7\w a^ ~#L䡒ξ1{"y ] $+9?L@3lˎqFy}XFvok(Mv,o߿~ݯ}0»>ݿn5gedWLX@Pwvo`K4#B%=GrA `MQh @%8v%ݜcE7PB6sj0P'w) )/~$̹~ԃ~TPH:7(%8>X8K)$O%["2"tNEEEhПBT/hHAK`Jގ~3 J/@ǔGOSvOW*A.U afBxP;kq6p`O-@ JP/p Jw<2,֤؛*ςףzEH(\h/x~L*VI^ޟ ZB~<뉮3%`H])6?^4p0̣H7nTx'N !m1'䚢SRUu ^/K$j@hhrc>WMO4Tu6f *aI68k]5=j\i׷@U^:X l_Ct -Vz.78~U s\yWn͗*UPmǯÛ/_*mU߰/CU%+ݪ"5D>k^W%3po}իV>Sw T5%ƙ:xq,>^4'RB_}OC]J~,):!BKB2ah!HmlGV" yw:d*iM) R@=^SS+/\\c%ZB^?o{^Ie{~Ev zO@ ğ [a AMk ^[_Z ׷G7kzP?޴@]_Nŝ1d/4KE=ă4H|;8?xMLo1Axsk"''wi'} 0!]; %נP6eo]*64BFʈi]5cgYyB7Rrи=?xmg"?Qdwݝ`e=78Jt-#O)ddǂ+!&:I  >QBgs;x[ג[_KE뽄Pyhzk4v}n$:/mZ^u 1!.n^4Jv@V]Y[q^2EJ\ d" f >BϞ18/cCIs&WPj_` <\B E{ O~(.Œ=Bu v͖ט{+aeF? "iA4XlP؄be|uaC~Ш'hw)<޾L.n!V?%L:(y3@NM>Ae *r.0S2je?mrlxpg1 -S;zl?Jg=xjadٺ+ݗU|Zqbo/T7 ~NI c"^N?b (C 'AzV>tKoG+ @YȠb#ᆀ(S?ί?>ѧ_'G?~hGWgI[l<=H;㳻 #w{ן`&I^ǏwՏ~x~\p^.'ʞս>Zur}bO%̽~x}wmKm^g{/Wm,/On/OA[]}|{{яֻ׎y1ދS=Q.N#e~pվm-gC{./ۣɩ}M?\zzyKsk=x?._if.~s,~8}?}77<ryNj,urZK/z;ؼ 3,}`pU[~4%}7;8 y͇0upr6Ow׽{k 9:\=|mԗgk[|uϮY m#0}co:yW]9x.F{3}T~OI޾m|oMe]KAuy]͗kֺ=] T?ӟOW^D>Go_ݏdܓOo7_o߿fWAS/]>\ѯwOVb._o(]}=;k sU`y~wLGپwwШ?.M~.97'k].{_wگ gyX]koߟ}sZ5<Dtrkւ{AieTO?:_Ͻv{¯os/l OGբpo~04owV3]Ͼ$NK鴡loL'wW[|۱r>>_۷ǁ|0 ^{ڻ\w}{ڏ i|r:~>}.f4{ f۳SNo}:؞\к?zy?N?={닏~ۭs[M|q\\ogߣ v5spw~dn7_O~}Ͼ.)<ޝl=Զ'{j}x#t|uҼ:?p_{r\6n:}z}ruWO׏'۷~c_MdWKjNNݿ>7wv]l|`o~.?:^X]_'fska=`նwr=K?~ۻۏ?~ {-#Ã˃ػzƧۯ»xͼᛲt<}sɕ}jtO޻on>>|y~ZN.\?snO^'VB YD٨y?5͆yI7|q |MKa|~{19=Nmz>S~{k"݌{Y{qy')7~h8}x 9>`?I8qV,+~ڷo۽Ͻg=4oVg}Ç~#0ޞۉz[2}|ٮ?j|g˚)oskvǧvf5ׯg{k|y^omnxw4zKMW>}~QLp[HH;w ?Ż}9ݣ_; {{kp_ׁǏCL[+{7f׷'@ڷ4|k\'qOR_٧ RA3h꿜k{]F:KޓͷO};Hv18͛aJU{R-9=;Xp'}5f9tjY{wMP,bl?\Owޭ.E XQḿ}z1vׯϥF;<:ߒ$(|hG>޹qryo_`wxmS:aCm_w'wm3 nGgr7;roN?t@)}:8]J݋R\On>޳kٝ~k߬_WнG_?>8z/{w҉i]/^7>9{Vzl3 ?_tc:>o>U>]|wd'޼vftg7+%ypv޾yyFg(k]ߵo˃{GIE99>h˦ջlSmߚAxrfѻk&z \|>'=68%}:i~ב.m٧_07JIXN_U%mtJ!%.J`x,Yma s@j*>7{ T@ΈX`KD`H-niLtR~ ڟXxOt8@o= ~bA7bosb@A Qf}f˖5z_}( ]K@1%T0`hḹ"w뢣Dd<-a/C SjK5Ģ6lp -LwBpQ ;)H[Gίҏ7pc_9[bJ oǛ?>퟽oeʢ%b>oHfoZɵ[Ǔ?J |*!jm;xx)hG:|A6i41[_h0.Gft;;d-2#}䙃xXo iE.. Jb{s!b{BN_(4c9t6!'1OED [b # eQ 0=aag`{^o{\MI9N7s7vFt )h/dSFvo`,*4fQ _@g6{_y>hŷy{xߥFB!dpC1x!c8cQxb52b_r^8]l{aR;'Q8,d5mI9T;j K'fM|#}VȌC mSDunhj7q\ }{{ lxd)[7Δ2eS~3X]z{',րNiue[~Qp:,?CxCZC.v3XCO}\"RϿ~?޴ 66[*c?}P#A+:Q ?K%|?6-ph!fdY|rPM,U3): eS"DB&E;ڗG V*_rw;qCꮊ:}:Btbr slj*>Ƈ2Wȭu7D%[mMuӻxu l}螾!%][G`&({ xڿkfdEO:swE]e(?>I ^-R7tǯ 6\6i}o;m՟sϳisV IWh`}<Ƞya$` wH8N J|2JUjx|#2cQ|jmV{7~ys|DzO3 |^|'%g{ϯ6hT_Y]תy0z۸~: > {!oSz:*:|~81^?,>ϟp 8yχCtOx w8?-;lzًZuؒdi6`f-l%[ރWq޴Z=os:/`#bsPİU 2:UmPiVNVsetr͢DJ%^hV׍hG={Q֍@3xGgf4,睱;,TUu5p 5 }ieOz1J7 z4ر:R͊$Uk)H(۷ұ7U@zQz:LƱqwsᅳhDvw hx0Eqj&=sv~|hT=im^,'Nڎ>-d{DF:۸ O$JR_?;X*-QJoNTzS}"*x*Z(jgOדoQbaؑV;-V"}\@*Չ62bwU(R5qdV_nMeBe$I5UܤR#A:l[S?9tUmOwj:78TXf;tXE~gܬ1 "-/%jku|BPOA$gI6c kZlېך 0؝CDZNo&iv FmnvpmSE?'HUw&D(IxPKuj.MPHh-A,E `lӥ6xa0eE#%1JHN1&d_jq^ճص:Lg %4KX4f| ]Ͷ@p)?g뿼vo/﯇;]xN}cN<'dѼgJ:ܩ#EP:Eayn C#T2S#ъ )ΨcJ0UKnг$Qe4+xUY>CO7U5t·.>Qݣ~pW^oC9A`& 3)Za0VAC[vFRi6x(or" @`bMάߏ '{MA> ^Ԋ(,, yx:Q4ՍH;AkPC']M|$j+d?@Vj v{`pٹ!3ԄȐb Ib'G()9A(n3&A2 $XԪW~T_zQ ;~7}~a1rv9lj 0h u,_BPEU>a'ԏ/]s Nlw mהCwCuoP3K"1&q hPA\N]`[h~+P@m@|^ ֝ F`*ԋxbYZ/X0J yo|]!+=d<B]]+SXkڽ#6RP䐱a*;ph%/: < egDĂ~o,-31hBN6 OR+VWP?H&i%餉,L[F2PxiN]0OOPcTM؀l w!XVd_tgHGm_;a^)τ0SV|# j!츒)8"%EѦ^sL]td\uT8,A6~45~D3ȉ2)UȊr\f8^D NFr(Ѻ_piQ+7SKF 1LgRMB]bͬTC| }dSwqvWxu=_XH-``nRU''z@Jpy~&EfoqV(Z$YO"YiԻk«גEN@,R%಺ܞȉMB)?CAgӮln nY9Mѵ@C2W{XbȳY t;Wzuƛw:7̮1 b ۰4 Vt'u;|| PQ򑪄]CR/=:8Õ<'@iR+7ڄRy徉PBآv(׸j4Vʛu$Aޱv" ' W0Zbm,Q"cBs?S/2 .| (&,J`0W'%5Rgw hn/;nVJ-ԃ4l81DkQ9،ZRޗ qdl ъ$ނNYT$ ̇(N413H7E!D6śEĔ@˝zTYY c%*u cG}!|)uTA$t{B[VB^[Hy%Fau jTb볰T[ h5էi7xP7mVjG,䖣5L<4T;lG {e3XؒcPj?AV5ըj􊳀$R=`=BALBP* SrdĬ4-ECZQ\2X%hB41G~: 9(~/LDR.s&tGUM*j:H;0݁t2A5 J}2 7 1RHQ)<E8 X0#0FϨI|81,r(FrȂбYq16y+:0gv'uWWn^eܾixz!C=7˻ڙU8YnKx<* e8٫Q\ +G^ٷ*[C''yx:a#2nۚ 2ݝǘO C0X!"Kvӧ㽪 ><- )Y zK]kSA \J'kj_H]`m^fpjeGwXԘ)U@W]B:> 5[̍X02|cSyr*\3b{wC " 5;^OCx;p ?R1(*m"h4ɪQC6ބktTך@ w S5 &UiaЎ}65e3MϚ#N2m!bka6T]gh\<+Wa# ;02*9@‰en9=Y#- ؕs?gp%iҍ:BV` nݭ?q=Y«ł[+;G  :S`GDUGa 1$E_ l;: ^o+rj\TCDB`ЊhzGySPG53muJ8iߚ/^Y^fC48'crm0n@7IIai;vYiFl877ǏcmWOY;y$oK_-;{J^AX zc$}!E7-Te$+V6]+m`BٕBcې$l\ pQdFϓMi'f!NfBo㵝68c3X Df{B%(|Vr u&%6/|27ے[U mD9l@a%GfZPm'y%P+p.ƨp5UֹM;B @ePLǠ־I VʦZZu6m~\{dxzIg~WlS`%rS13Ebe QRffL&f ؜/>ϮVEz5TWO !G6[16Ig6PadF,.-774#l^MeU+eVkY]yI(~xdƃQL}WLM33_K3=ҙ{n\k(*z ZGM`JlFOkmi # snXۘVyUlRUJ۞d"=_b+Ґvڑ<ѡ2[OZ:L+cT}ӆ9'ZE.9z RV] 4Վӷݰ'!uv=/NGڔTȂ`yJi!ALR(UFˢbK)=fF.v&TYr2 \ApziDL.}QT'֦3_'h a&ՙ5ZoZRtYCyix6&cw c>4qﯪj&A9T]kC-|sTj1WXҖ lwFիlRyi03o7bzHvGs1HTi82잒zAШ:Ėo{>F'XR|;1|BtT`FK4ݥMoMsHTfi W b5YKS"KhlN(-o'Lǔ2o)+t7,buI:ST\jBa ƫe&[0BSSd*d]- 97zb~(\` >ֳPɽcTHZ6N'|8k3FVQ4].uxM-Ս=ݙn\{̺PNb2–˕/ >ZΤ A4|L%":v]t]엩SBXKϺ^uQJ22axF iG' ٢\&L;32s=Gu6R b(ٮ<DSɂ/%T2))OBRG2"kt-7r6f\5r]4nѮFƨ+o4[w&d•].ʀTA<2I A}S-HR \_g(ɪThzM9DzG 2!uZ`1^7ަ>( %ٵT]iF8p@E蕟&v[ɷؤ4u:0;c^RUo ~(R=Xm eWM8kaYP쌰!K g̊c7 gG7ݹ'wsocc);]J YH $&x;%u/Wm$(:Sv t[y>iEKE`; dr=&D#n "ߡPՍuVih֣u>3cA S'^} ݾ30Ǔ>::qhg/M™op?ߺ̖;DԤRgTdWOך!Uay1l\U|Z) B;~sHE4+h%jDs4bP^"ep") N0=wuڳ|r*Be|[iV*|yL 9nYF |c+Оw=uQ+fYGA3ܡsijَl13 .UGxtU,+B!DJu)̜)6( ɣ8^hah\9k=I-0ru6BVVxi poݓ-%G(~l4\g5P]u;`0)YUk ;Bi|O"c)v^*yA-ɝnBƙy(H`XF 뫀CSѳKjX_B;2 /^bC.NW%I*Iխ2gYF`ݭ Y^-̭64E;+A8d5 ܘ]8 *P9, Dy,̕;>nSTYړqYbT<8f/#'+Fʎb?Zu6x#ۏjՙlvf3qDTJ K񨔋 Sa_;3BlЎܠS-$ںr "bQ3dᘘLTe#D2y33Fll^j̢AsCh٤cfolM0rg fioZ:[t:}k.f=~2|= ul2~%WKJ,R߄2fG [Ih܂Z-=#a{$xyGm:TK͍ r,\Lc[&DL\AP298 JDd)ХI6JW D"wk1~/=N Mi+e."|sE`%f4$r7 e<}z ܩR]%\ZgAr AoX9V/C'ϻ1P~TKQ֎uYW5<t[w[l~-`F$T/uMqsa2ByәgywudJM*VtېGLS?OMi  {6p`V*"7Q.r1Kwn:NN/_$Xza'S GIfꃅ:Tk[t-]1e@Jt0-yx\4@#Rd̯vDWd7raw3NJܢEqm]Hܕef <!L_*C9=OPj(ZhFRbP["rҠDzeYw2#HӪY$0!2u;КbM t掣~8EmcJ2ƣYInnJD<٥ Em.m Og 4~w6~j>9VFq]c\yx;zf[Rb RQ "]*LF K8jEylce綯©C7ܽ-a:Y.)Ē O"ޮEC)vJfDy3X.F"jΦ-)>.&)*Tr,73FS80U 3Ön}@D[+TnWZ}1f%3r0kV uJӹMiɡC޹R2WFgP3np8ў@¶[.. ;ۛ7kSyS7(coǎ3G"Rr6͚P%TCbF3sHYR)kW#WU qC\+|u)[4揆]+S(*YHd5Yh`3:R,7DP=[ղ,5[31J!n1(AT jp3AgWD{OXfcTb Z۳`ǙaUŽW@¡Fh]Y26$vd;dll[sZP:UD; l9jaaCtXz::.'IَEKqSuw9*0)C?3F[%Z4(ڢT;ΙԪRӱ׶Nw8VJuw&ְvdb`2~],0n윂Ug4W*![[X̱!v ~sQlm8+|һXBlԟDE,+,Q2l[d^8u?luV>Ke"uƑ?8"H*yХ> C:6?J@KKE[-e EfX\gJGpT:gu+r!/Wq@%6j,V6L'<VY^m늊TQK+ZC7h^uq잳sӉ9Ȉzx&3=sOR"8v]sR_,n/0H2[)rz.3cLsn]-.l UV,lTь-:/{Qk2zIf̻^"5Z4 +2g=p0_xDϵ*iR5W%`Ԣ ڠl2O\3UHI.EMZT!FqM(!+FAN 3` `BvKoBӉ8E"s4s ^SJ^dzqؒ1eU[;+v?: ejYgċEcez_ W `Pd经uz{_<;z)ʳGV N1izz^z+eI߽vzuȑO wg)UD1jOAoِU:NdS? O m3cCfW+}yel;2(xFQyߤE#lvN0Je·q@Zrq>l_U5q3e%'FRH*m'̓ҎT|,im"dI|pr`ixA/b,E0MBdN&Z|~<+ :e Ĝ#Y2h uS`3)a 34Vl[G7mfijT $.~Q?G(#<(`vٛqVܸОTӹѕ4RwnSTvRg2-ɗBVyI ^rTXyj-h ,ָSKO;6,\0]a 3Ѩ{[Zu>A1̲ Yi:ˬtNBuUq/^Qh 꿔,lE/ZiF0^ȷ$ Nvi9U)-|}ZJۗCtfM==5-1biEiS_ Cթ-DE77 T9]ZF0 TAwia4(b(ޠ,,q/-%X:0qwuJ^,A *TÛN?s!MYxsw "#uY-"xIU31NF}ӕ.* 7TYL1"? |s[D 2 ka8 g|sK> 4$(m~zlrZq#Ѣm`ߛ,;0;B3zUZ{bd,oôʦܖsyhdC?J41YXlITYH-1ɩɩ9tz6֑N23yBi`jN37'%m@&eAXPIi~W8Is#MgzZrNZ[ 3E:6:[i)%ԛDDTEFأR( h֟*l.nQcMnwέa,ܒթD@t|eݳ;ηrV(-qc 5URtNYq}V gDK7(y<*]C nf#qBlq0pt"r< kS]:ꬽ]$ _(tG9ybs#ioE._&'NuxZ]:48%]oשo,@gQw\Jp.8ݪ ڬh|!3.L3\ I8"፴A6D.͊cJ% N@-C#|c$b$Jخ:aG3A(W89 zv Y}g83s4[FznwL8IZ&,A\u;epw;r_# ^M sAwnaiL,JB$̮Rd VXQԕkEڊa477쐎?f-El. N%@lcN-*GAiphMߢ䨄1v1 r[=K(VʨnVpMD\s{܊hbkeQ!#AyTH Ncf r ՉN%&S;3AU@:àl@hm%D_t ^DZ $ E2WZNE6H[9R!Д`Ǝ! (fbw@Kw<"W3eF^HpHP*HMĵ#v AR.|? B: 0Xʫp9qoH4 P PU(˄04syX,VO! 0qD))0wлE ҢU=k]a]z|hXJwh61O#Jr-;:G P6%R. eӅL=ƠtM}UNmqPL0qB5!n(ċ#?32+1I0v #0¿n.- SqS"S(uZ g7PUoh/dt̙SsHgnQ\e` :Q4]Swl_kY , {T"Px >'}H t.)e I[yqvN"G9x~"s0~cϠzz=TT=$'m`"m(79`{iYf7r\C K.7˻€Cy S3cЛٱ4]`ٛ"fŠTRy{h(NJLՕfL6@gs 9=[#k0{j17f.+Y$CUvH`xe,C^W䏌@=0rz$s3pkDS@GK0WB>D!D,\c =;c.Bo|a Ko(&  Zz8)bG -Dk*uPJe+ML'rFVbymkƦHVpoӛILJ 4ɜ#f)os,Qp%Cunף:C|*lVFg(lZVD`>UB-_ gmA<8{<2!$A| QձkM/FiVҳ܍GMRMay<oM$dSC^p~YJ5{j  UA?^Am" -qy,' h ŕg}c7ԯĿ@g6T{WKyX˨ZB\%eBU^*N*exF+1 ĬX|Ä׶rY0Q<_L<i= ׻ޏY6JQYJ+P^dd(v&v%jnő X!ҋ'ApڍRJHN;Y(kJ/=";K99SwS 8$lFQxbK^%WXq8q'/A3ܷp dfkBr'ܒeҀsKet}7lv֊h+d w4v::YԷ#g3[AhspTJxJ gG)Fa96 %#].$)vli%S3䁘Kd^͜V`@#N~ FH7d/7Ǵ͉P[QHp&a)ChV}{a0 A*|Sk1[T}^ 36 ;X&+3LIQ">_YLdm,vJEL}9QMi^]\8 D(ͭynmQf E#\,d6q$J[g%Uz{%VLovuNd׀Q@2(̋W엧+`>9vJ@ѝyh`KVpV<\Vy.P Z|ZSkLt =S^yZ'h^ CB_}v~:V3d11+3MLy4Fj9vt,t?WHq^P+7p;ahK kvD%,HM+sJ{(PE:s(fg&SlNЎL/,S[ zu#zof Y?u\=`)Ӱs>dŽ ^tsDZ:j"Œ0G@9+!1Cl]}Fyo) P?t Ao{e9q4 v1,Z1nCq. U!qjJCg9UI8T &d#6.0"!⟔8k VJ8%)XT8eDN/f|N)N35UЏr90$Ğ;hM2f2uBN+oM'sOne}'%ȩ}5[u>A#`-Nnfdn'CeR<σ槙h֋t|1f:N'TjL2-דHsD GpX K*#kkVCJiU /WD( %[lR呎 |Y2(`gߌGwm쌹8wDSgcݵZsTh8!a :0Me6 cPD|JPc\lPdi*ZL56БPֵj;T_; x@t:hmd5V6P{|`[>wTB=u2 0쉁-чn_DHcP,.?(|Ys%4Vz g(LJZ,1J(JLverjEg>ZWh,Ïr^VRsXbl5=}o]zXF~JtiSF2.?lHIdT`Y'hyiiшJc߱f0eH'7jpKPsg홻TF_`1%20/ IBʶ|OkouI8yqPt K c1x_;BɖZ[N;ØV @lSЙFꤻMz.BrP6%Z^0yWYASAYI2Y5;#L(MuRa/ õi`6LJaք6<3 xiЏ1Di#^G݉ҋW#%=1s/zulzE40<|bC;c#oui (Z_ Αp.ўl%O$j2u7 3DHtCQt;lv߄SfA"͊TV!QAݠxvbm9uO#:7ٺL030RT:, jhtBj䱻է6.pz+u>nqU!Mz-%SSAHQ>L6", LxԔ4JfuD\ԑ/ x1sf+5,纶*AlOd/Tl.I%P j a2U@*_NcBۡc~AKkm ml֩wHx#E{%dJeGbjF(mYLgE fˆhuyFc@O󨚰1{HU k؉lmjNNZhJ6KMĸS;!Bʴ(A%ծ,oMF`I9_C*N˩PMҚuyyMqml YWTԔ Qޥ" &b5&f7@QhMn0MV*K7 L luv¸o"QYLtٍۣQxĞt8o&b`l`,֏;-`xY{?.հ^DzVn|˝pM֥Z&cgbV@?5(7 6kbgXS sM$!;G,B| njSxnsn fH&)r3}JQ #8RVNM &V5fL² S|o$s8hr?扣"*n/:(5M!-.0cS>8-Хg,jK!!/EOcˎb5FAw*"q =9N9i@_C(+CJMU?ʳ"2m0'RW*^OZ7&*57tƩJ€{WS BezJ|5,x G gHOV0CM;ۛl݊CdvHZ\TYD%@00zB[t|P.fq ׈5&`"7;Pfj2a,Tk:I$1'h0ܤ- 0>MS+e(xԊ̼8Q?Ϳtй}l3p޵/Nc@STXmh'Q4P#뱖L\iebuY/F_{~ %3u;}!qia$ř*S!hU.h@" ;5i r|uB)9v:]ی"~[ KFI:HY+s}q㻢cy )U6aHp0qda9M2c:adWxl7A]Ep_?N{Nf qM5Z'=5bo/K?%m;ě06ʄ.;O>t:(Hƍ]d{W>& 0P*AfE=c[f]^绛z1whIO[7t7LsmV,cufzPU;5D{$_@7oN@/uåwתShһ?pQeER.\9lb&ٟ aqȜVDzcE4;3@ă5dQ 27ZYk˩wpw0D3:OC{ۍ{͸8U絖Y7Bɸ ШtrkCp0X,]ǂ0JPӬ#$1WfnQ!XqmgE3Ba| SFpuZ"dyŏ R 'sDaԛ1G5n# 38fN&>S2 B2=$w% Bj)#4!`UOF Mo)FPօja)rs2x'?PW ,ʪN޳|QZi.Zv:.;T Ci=sC wGBG@n8&@Y0,i0* $=8F^O֩C0h'E_`yFﭔfX\"P @QnUett]{.(WWH.%ޯ*\ȌO:v AדpFtpL ;xb"U]7\Jix!7FfҔ0"Kt6TRGu\+ORDɽ0;J::x fr?)ҬiZ?Da{ +EQg H鹌4K@V6u6@.>xrA_P-~h%nJt(WG][ty2Tijvy_7u8#w3K! et_&a-' ntiv=p}|uU^R($t+Yt5F84AGLu;^-N.CŢ,,(3 nTg SӘs8R\Fӱ aZ=AwCH:1UR>% k56g_.fւ5[y J|޴gkQ:j^斐s[ebkB"ћMRŢxE0ܕpᮇ-p+o[~M4b@I-<򫕽,諅; F[1E 73Ɠis{a*(\?6# kj2demVz"LV25nPFpҐJf p "e[8ͬ>LS¡hdؙ4J( ҿָqT^V4H*5Fb!NY(X(+{i^ vT/,(O20V"S8E%뼫&$3 XhrL*.nYH+N?0jǕEE]42wT4cm]#Yc.!~(ҽYMzΦ6RCs:}nW^:UL{ YsysBGYD[iwޕ-̲Ti6KDqcx (C!vl$_ q2⮔҅h"2Zq*ϥXTsS®,;6xO TD (dw5[j2X9M c•MďN$x9+ϨG-a\HL ϒ z `GR̃HgOݐRm[$1] J"}y>īđJ,4>Gb"^r}(|=KeyK1 |2=b]5χYg 0( =ρQF# @~lq\^kMBt=smnLDrE8՛ĸܽ`tjZ֬uw[gGaډhESn1I>B| Hw-Hc@0m%cv[w Y{ & K݂^m~ ޸ ڄ΅ fmpi2niqC_y',؟qi2Bw&;dЮɘl65J0xxVnдVmv4bFzN8C0bٺedK'PSbrȢ$ nփb, ʳG¦(E▱363S{k ,≤(Geeĭ fȾܚ"&NF'2^ZP|N- ]* Z:I(ٟxR9+5fMdc7;zCD>Vr'ɗZ3)0ĊglT dR|Y ӕyI0v7[E}cS?8q؁#\1B^݅˵m&V?)Ӛhr5op:YteIho< K]PW`-3rXn7^yY],~su)1N6Wf.,~`v^oՄn:6fQGB@Y,θp^7*pȢgktR*!9\ `$ZF6uX9Ex*h9c7BqYXiM=k\|?ݎ0|9{W3FJ M! jJz3]SXڷT^pǶ˅eJvPA,.el/B5Q0jޢ;j MtV+gwl28V4'Ѕk˜<5Xkp)]!+̦A;BZnⓥ{FpJQNQٴiB*W1s(8Wd6Fl2PXY)-[hn%">$P5LSwaĆA8My$.o|ZR]QoQx=uT855 ZR홣4YMd|e%]u\W f<\Y1`ߋx.&kvL~ US"!C:F+HDEJD7UdXFQ)T:}K,-+BH=2=,tuYe?ہAiq& `Acrx`i8 Mkq`6t<%%,Vك+l]ކQQ,K1f[B*X\d0!t;B,C%7]3:`٩(ᬿU59OJt-#RUVVɵDj,"%מ-zMPqIGs*xe}2.Xje 3-`,\ט(5JAxH#1gNecډZX1n"L&(.E\-8\CɝN̙}ZTl +x0k:z|x-s< OJPd -/adp\Xz΍K d1yCiȹF a6[,f&-&NT}< AWxT2,/y]o(R pPTi2b#[1iEX/Win$H m{'G:^418)-Nh*]?v9"k% Cq & 4N MwPfwVvoHd(S(Z*蚇 ޹OLό*C_]|Ӕ.>}\Tnr 9Mfrg`vCu67nfyl9pp6g % $+ VV{n3IUa> 0M_4["n74 @f\9KVhMqrya&?%DcÝ?+|.d8܄>L:/)('6Q[b" G TBD5bӱ8c狙ZuM| f 5cͬRiKP7cLЃ0[ب $P)MA<^ݣV^509&xYK DClm\>QfcA(1!θҞeS/pa/ݨV&b `͆[ugO<TbhrAFLC-^v}âTTTFDt!J{˼Zi >=/1 04f 5 q8סQo\\ Fj/. ~t?]~$ehQ>#}rVA1W0\k{̬!IPRq:G){RȩkF)eEfZ( E']\B]1EЕٰؠNڤ3pukm6)c=Boy#.q d(`,f9^UG|mH^GKթwWmm8HH yroxXpL*eZ|d2(: ̚&wzӉ )e;S*T0('xkpFgk[>ɖѦET%s -/;2VVx+wWe*Tvw"`C4gY0;䎧-.fLcʀo2 G$I %~4 N|wwdRٛw)Ζ!'|TXsp}I$e\ i#J3BeBaT i!n%L<`XX\d[АԙD<*:dUn3k"hL]O<@1_w_oC/qtA;/uЮeFRGw >.>QaȄjfTDa/Q V( TͨHq~(|=@.}g`'c}ujyH `f_0\6~ӅT vGRp~ !N\:f$>LX OdN@e(RyuHUjN#ˮXMU3J2xw "Uxr0M!ˢD/Gn[WC <舲݉q_'NN w'TwW+=k[I Gn#d# ʙ~IbAv|MVwPa/ͼn0h#4ЋE?2]If*wXbt]j#S<7fT2}P_ܣ/΁nP^3ZJ&脆{LOzYg7ZVڷfU{ mLJ6ADAHlXQPmRȿ 0f{OEbLKo²4ӓ-nʬ*-1hqi9Z):76+ҋCҤN#^k.VlA/!YEJ{<~(y#~WqF ^۝emnAӄjb!)@Ry66ҩ3nKrO%~a<LBȠRvM & /.C4̻.zWjmJoHݗR+DϊK7\]JQ Q@-nhrX%+laRcX#QtB æJ:I?g.Ah56| 70޲x]=5r Y5x.6jieGϳ>ȵPġP[B9# 3??C;$EiA0%Ń\ͳmoL7%xE e.5ۿo~+pNdMAI_#3h7QR*J~uI)'+)BLw[ΔNkQg2ԋ$#[=tޕd m(pij=ج&ViD5$Kξi>M0'uS;fXE,!҄_CMdJHWeN#ujiׂBhuvYشu[9Q7f5ݶoU(×zE_bU76W 4vϗ^u{/C+].I"m x\cLuLI :_rЪNZ {wf̅vaB)Vx?+QwTa4Ե7. xJ9DI;%$Lgfo~dH)c ~6(΃x@votH9[N7NiZ*W-'l? ḷ@L^Bs*g%؞nD` 5Ƽ d̴5fx;`gKqI]g6HĥS:&~UtƮkNe8N 4uiv*(Q,΍O|^ugu"MI_/ߋ_ ܢ0j(Lڜ[]O-O6CDQwSU|sie^>q`Q,{_Gee++F5cGuՆs$rcsp4}Nc㘴zy\fᚏ:=ELgxHWY^um2ye .wf,#z*W7 tL6$!#8/6sK'<)NRWOz<~􏶚! kԖ)t&x[4 t@],VvE䗛%}&>6<Vݽ#^&H "OqBJ?VxPW).JWadB D.q谹 "Qe@CL3H?cj;-!hHdg8qН;M5k˸k ?um>$ WT\(.Qj-k5Yx3cEhWA<>r-d)t:5߇ʀOqrE#8 8ݏWU^+sqCaIU=RWy>n'>_; ޅ0(c Kq"l;٘*ѵ_N9YƧ|2:(99fwu엓nOwGw k[O C*'@wm>NÓ2,"4^t0v5UƷYOh(ƷzȂʊCLtx#FO\wEa3}T G*=ߴZFm1HH[9%5=k˭)ea~w}U`SV&-=K)s1Id@&%o3<(ijO7 ȰzŇ0I*vw&``=^vEqx6!'ᅝy!cxP̺dO0Gֆisl͢ [o}o; .G*CB*ougeTw6L؉z( w}M/9|$ LB;" *VI(<.Nyȫ N7ZWRzN#r OTN2HhaWE1*jMĂXϐI#YGlu^fu דnV7Gh 0n6[i:} d`ARM2b @y7|fS~WRQu.b2|/f-%Kׅ%|8zƢm9>2$љ1@51(/kE!'#k]UhN֘jRIY#>L냽ziyItrS0FWCy 72M|(ڢ*#"lɮ7 f긯Q7+KP|O!P@_Q&R5c|g]3;z~$XDov[)M9S Qoo?o`(?|˷?8 D=)=O6{+ I-wr7[nEybBbw,aaG"O {^Վ$9:cm'ڭ0.*B$`H<s ӓ5%E)(I2StCg/ZŮm$M}ܧzV⣷N;mki3~x7\_2ӚJۛ;__~;H05 1]ʽwß_Ģ*Ƀ]bZI\0q v9YIrh:ړ х 'G$90/[֝Id5e<96F1mO8??~_~`YgŜmW*Tu"oE)V k,# <*=)`-D-?G)"Ecqck2%(9w& 2*xDQ uఠOh[oEʌq'8k6~8&tÉu{ 8^ς1 tC2%̳ȿm 7>`$X>`(,ƪ?4gܝ.aP'}9nY&6iWvyta+h x,*8Q7',s}M,mr'c6;$,t/@R? z-(W! PO/#8(%{0ɻn dczNoRA{nJ.cڪt`Z9FA<\tGEfMEAz taM׵%Aj"5Y' 1};m=MH9ΩkUh7DeP '׌mN9L]Wnm8:K4eq(Sr& zQCĺ]Qz.]3y]%^` y?&O!K+-rHv߼1f"' 3Py@$hhI*LXFA4_1WFDFRP" yо>̱3!ri+?)fk+۽CWI0`rILz>O7f ueg9=-}!rt:m}<mׇ3?LW^6[LMpi ll80.ɟVGb :zI^m4žaFh'_ArbΏ_z=؉,+dPUe,]{Vsh>3muPյWf_l{JNi4{5=1ϼEu1\u4>#'ӃAyLs!Uu[%,^eru",1us [mRf&R[lb&rGyhY'(Գ3=~8rtd)!fND_[x- PZ=Rd BO& KP[hVT114+uzi/"'(h:}<Ⱦt G䤣A06qdD8Pxu AUmv4š.,|J7VaJ :c'^ @c,uc'b厵cE\>u)?2^2r?C UhQz1seRdeҒL(fwK.F`A3 Q gCpB:xӃi"Hk$dH0Xae00_+7)Sl>P$vL^6H-)j|E?nklGs攪[! \Ӑze=8SSMK+tkORA >Y#WR0/"n8w q Ĺ Ő0B|+̧c XءB~pFz\ U݉&"\(7xn7ׂ[>Ya.(mj?t2ʿ$=rɲ*$Vu.V+FU}㟊;;m,=hcM?Htj}:=p|j.ONO>O1 ߙxh[4p  hxRE ;5VUQ"3\ipp:R1M!xl$B<))y0a Xm]R}+iC e3R*Y<" " "JEjme %:hMSV_K?&u)-?IFˇU/2;g6 N!(:M3F`Ҙg+$ 5#& ҃uML%_AI ъYLs#4ڭ.VjE*# }CL(@"n}XI~yܕC !,l;!ib.:cqua/K"NUDE+K@C/a DLzQ*uāwun!t [SҠ| @ UϟdeQa_-D#g w4 E/\=JݿC+1c4QdC:w{O;}D@aM&Y%|hF@ΩJwH|j'wpw"ӬKB 75~2XprS`UkAOЄMNF fsQ?SҪ-4WRWQ5R`Cf+IVƋ<84iBb8& ls|ld#F| 8}[p(r 13~ȉE%TWx"w.A+23U/ĨF4]9.5z  ,rUSiro g63:HZc˄P'mxQ F*F/@m}g \xPSߠγPG}pVMr!/X]xdO읲 mJAB1GʽIy!{fdS {j+ (C([.d1~b@4p 0#chк·ш XmR&)di8 5̶0Rh^=SPfֺuH{z&_I +/N(mAse3ӠY)a7 ܛih߸ 6>mM@0V3V$<^ R'Pq([-^jl`V s?Pq` i'-hx<LV_kqr$컄yvi~j1wU10̹~eY)h+/M8-S̈. Oxs!#37IJBX։6xr 0#Z[(WVY+sY0]Sg:L $@jHD2yR]  kq3>Q7IOЋYhEc%^#Ղo/Hd., xO~QػU9!E!lY[D ;18{뙒#X@Sf\}@p ;{NIb}((k=9*ۦUqZrqy^0 $X` X,X@5"-td.UB݆~$lkpaEm} vI akMk=,8;f+DGLZSQDgLnZ^c`;#LQ2V͉ެ ?A*v?_/h£DOQ/:fa{qd=b3G{4LJ"s l2\UVyiz~PH!a I"OS gophOIN(+Б{xkJg7V6`@Q#]|3(['UsNrwhF'?~jFx{vEI)?nE\W[Gsrٓ$14[)@ _$Igu$iVaZ&m]Ǜa$;lC8l^k9#cL7*锇[,y S]ڦ/˾-8[l8%e7b g$rUhU%O*_!s1n/k z?'eЎy!y#Tm[DFVz|KQ:re{Z~>8,͵o6Z;,gHS3{AJ4G=z&N(ckbXqAAWAQWS}te6M*#]XNwNۆvnhнy/fM\T-2xO޾x:eCr0]-Z>H3` :g`]ɢy:<-O7à 0<3+y) dh1`x&m)q,7e˪X?@7RP]]SfLʒLL uCKsb}K9jΘ /C~>);LPJ.Y$NҀ9p=[ lU]XxnH~6;3P)Q]W[ã$682c1O\zlD3dZ A;)vJ,ZɋjGRBN$@_,PWچ"O[a'ٞ4H %! CZ68YUtO:_Ex*ofIS/I\xbfq`Jw*RZ nuPa yOxO-]uJ u&"_ZZURC-@_BRdU2^SӇB \r7.Λ'B[ x`~:ׇ' メ@."_%ɟ}a~NU,8oUPa}$|xx]\ohRUDoq/妫0kYt Uє~_%IQUrk0W~ >~x͕ 3঺?$yR+m} tT.H?_*ŘqɕI;8(8+/ޕt??^DfHp$ pmE,?XbAǗ91m,~~@:8\u !<ŋ/!􃺮;XYǽtfy};B9/?_>CvjwJRsOw;9P)z1!7^6@># ]P Coaxial Cables – Electrician Exam Practice https://electricianexampractice.com Sat, 25 Apr 2026 11:05:17 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=7.1 Understanding NEC Article 820 https://electricianexampractice.com/2024/12/31/understanding-nec-article-820/ https://electricianexampractice.com/2024/12/31/understanding-nec-article-820/#respond ]]> Wed, 01 Jan 2025 00:33:28 +0000 https://electricianexampractice.com/?p=11506

Understanding NEC Article 820: A Comprehensive Guide to CATV and Radio Distribution Systems

For electrical professionals and low-voltage technicians, mastering the National Electrical Code is essential for ensuring safe and compliant installations. When dealing with coaxial cables used for television and radio signals, Understanding NEC Article 820 is absolutely critical. This specific article provides the foundational safety requirements for Community Antenna Television (CATV) and radio distribution systems. As homes and commercial buildings continue to rely on robust communication networks, Understanding NEC Article 820 ensures that these coaxial cable installations are performed safely, protecting both the physical property and the occupants from potential electrical hazards.

The Scope of the Guidelines

Understanding NEC Article 820 begins with recognizing its specific scope. This article strictly applies to the distribution of radio frequency (RF) signals using coaxial cables. It covers the installation of CATV systems, including the cables, equipment, and required grounding methods that transmit signals from the service provider’s network directly into a building. Whether you are wiring a single-family home for cable television or setting up a massive distribution network in a multi-story commercial complex, adhering to these guidelines prevents dangerous voltage surges from entering the premises.

Cable Types and Fire Resistance Ratings

A major component of Understanding NEC Article 820 involves recognizing the different cable classifications and their permitted uses. The NEC categorizes CATV cables based on their fire resistance and smoke-producing characteristics to ensure they do not contribute to the rapid spread of a fire.

  • CATVP (Plenum): These cables are highly fire-resistant and produce low smoke. They are strictly required in environmental air-handling spaces (plenums), such as drop ceilings or raised floors.

  • CATVR (Riser): Designed specifically to prevent fire from traveling upward from floor to floor, these cables are used in vertical runs or elevator riser shafts.

  • CATV (General Purpose): These are standard cables used in general applications, typically routed within a single floor or inside standard stud walls where plenum or riser ratings are not mandated.

  • CATVX (Limited Use): These cables have lower flame retardancy and are restricted to specific, limited applications, usually in single-family dwellings or short, exposed runs under a certain length.

Separation from Power Circuits

One of the most important safety principles you will learn when Understanding NEC Article 820 is the strict requirement for physically separating coaxial cables from standard electrical power circuits. Low-voltage CATV cables must not be placed in the same raceway, compartment, outlet box, or similar fitting as conductors of electric light, power, or Class 1 circuits.

This physical separation is vital. If a high-voltage power line were to accidentally contact a coaxial cable, it could send lethal voltage through the television lines, potentially destroying connected electronics, sparking an electrical fire, or causing a severe electric shock to anyone touching a connected television or radio. Maintaining a minimum clearance—typically at least two inches from power conductors, unless separated by a continuous nonconductor like a flexible conduit—is a non-negotiable rule within the code.

Essential Grounding Requirements

Proper grounding is arguably the most critical protective measure covered in this section. Understanding NEC Article 820 requires a thorough knowledge of how to ground the outer conductive shield of the coaxial cable at the point of entrance to the building.

This grounding process safely diverts transient voltage surges—such as those caused by direct lightning strikes or accidental contact with aerial power lines outside the building—directly into the earth before they can travel inside. The grounding conductor must be insulated, made of copper or another corrosion-resistant material, and generally not smaller than 14 AWG. It should be run in as straight a line as possible to the building’s grounding electrode system to minimize electrical impedance.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Understanding NEC Article 820 is not merely an academic exercise; it is a practical necessity for anyone installing or inspecting CATV and radio distribution systems. By strictly following its guidelines for appropriate cable selection, mandatory physical separation from power lines, and rigorous grounding protocols, electricians and low-voltage technicians can ensure pristine signal integrity while prioritizing life safety. Taking the time to master these requirements guarantees that every coaxial installation is code-compliant, reliable, and entirely secure against unexpected electrical faults.

Internal Link

External Link

]]>
https://electricianexampractice.com/2024/12/31/understanding-nec-article-820/feed/ 0